Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference

Frederick Cooper is professor of history at New York University. His many books include Empires in World History and Citizenship between Empire and Nation (both Princeton).
A succinct and comprehensive history of the development of citizenship from the Roman Empire to the present day

Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference offers a concise and sweeping overview of citizenship's complex evolution, from ancient Rome to the present. Political leaders and thinkers still debate, as they did in Republican Rome, whether the presumed equivalence of citizens is compatible with cultural diversity and economic inequality. Frederick Cooper presents citizenship as "claim-making"--the assertion of rights in a political entity. What those rights should be and to whom they should apply have long been subjects for discussion and political mobilization, while the kind of political entity in which claims and counterclaims have been made has varied over time and space.

Citizenship ideas were first shaped in the context of empires. The relationship of citizenship to "nation" and "empire" was hotly debated after the revolutions in France and the Americas, and claims to "imperial citizenship" continued to be made in the mid-twentieth century. Cooper examines struggles over citizenship in the Spanish, French, British, Ottoman, Russian, Soviet, and American empires, and he explains the reconfiguration of citizenship questions after the collapse of empires in Africa and India. He explores the tension today between individualistic and social conceptions of citizenship, as well as between citizenship as an exclusionary notion and flexible and multinational conceptions of citizenship.

Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference is a historically based reflection on some of the most fundamental issues facing human societies in the past and present. "In this broad and brilliant book, Cooper examines a politically burning issue and impressively shows that from the early Roman Empire onward, the solidarity of citizenship has always coexisted with social hierarchy and political oligarchy. All around the world today, citizenship and the idea of belonging to some sort of political collectivity continue to be subjects of debate and struggle."-Andreas Eckert, Humboldt University of Berlin "Armed with a cosmopolitan range of historical inquiry, Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference profoundly deepens our understanding of the character of citizenship. Taking readers on a fascinating journey that extends from ancient Greece and Rome through early modern empires to the postcolonial nation-state, this book deftly examines the tensions between various ideals of citizenship and the lived reality of social differentiation within and between states."-Richard Bourke, author of Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke "From the Roman Republic to the present, citizenship has always been circumscribed and stratified-but it has also afforded what Cooper calls 'the right to claim rights.' Whether under empire or nation, citizenship has brought forth necessary contention, with never fully predictable outcomes. The relevance of Cooper's breathtakingly ambitious and masterfully told story to our age of inequality within and among nations is unmistakable."-Samuel Moyn, Yale University "Expansive in its intellectual terrain and efficient in its pointed insights, this incisive book is required reading for all scholars of citizenship. Cooper distills the complex layers of Roman citizenship into a compelling narrative about empire and membership that he threads through a discussion of modern and contemporary citizenship in colonial and postcolonial nation-states. Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference offers a clarifying lens for understanding this critical and multifaceted concept."-Elizabeth F. Cohen, Syracuse University "This is a significant book by a master historian. It represents the accumulated wisdom of a long career spent thinking dee