Ancient Writing and the History of the Alphabet

Cuneiform is the earliest surviving form of writing and dates to 3500 BCE. Trace the origins of this writing system by examining why it developed, how it evolved from accounting pictograms to a more complex system, and how it helps us better understand ancient history. Also consider how cuneiform influenced the emergence of other writing systems.

One of the most familiar ancient writing systems to modern audiences is Egyptian hieroglyphics. Get a basic overview of how hieroglyphics function as a written form of language and consider why it never progressed to an alphabet system. Learn why it took so long for later scholars to decipher hieroglyphics, even with the Rosetta Stone as a deciphering key.

Follow the progression of writing systems in the ancient world with a look at the Phoenician alphabet as it developed from Egyptian hieroglyphics and spread across the Red Sea to the Middle East. Along the way, examine its influence on writing systems in other languages like Aramaic and Greek. Also, consider the advantages of an alphabet-based writing system for the spread of literacy.

Explore the development of writing systems in South and Southeast Asia—a part of the story of writing that is often overshadowed by developments in East Asia and Europe. Trace the connections between the scripts of South Asia and the writing systems of the Middle East to see how writing systems can influence others.

The "ah" sound of a short letter "A" is the most basic building block of language. Examine the origins of the letter "A" as both a symbol and a sound and see why other vowels like "E" and "O" were developed later. Discover what the letter "A" can teach us about how the alphabet relates to language itself.

"Why does a letter like ""C"" operate the way it does? Go back to the ancient world of the Etruscans to trace its earliest origins. Get a clearer picture of the ways that the sounds of letters transform over time. Also, consider the nature of spelling systems and how they often stay the same while other elements of the language change over time."

The letter "H" is a unique letter of the alphabet in how often we treat it as if it doesn't exist. Examine the ways we use the letter "H," why the French influence on English affects "H" so much, and why many European languages drop it as a sound altogether while still preserving the letter in the alphabet.

Turn back to the great vowel shift of the 15th and 16th centuries to understand the transformation of English pronunciation. Then trace the birth of the letter "J" in the early 19th century as the result of an odd tangle of historical factors, including the national pride of Noah Webster.

Consider the "accidental" letters "Q" and "Z." Look back to the Phoenician alphabet to better understand why English doesn't really need a "Q," and consider how English acquired the letter "Z" through Latin by way of Greek. Also, discover why "Z" sits at the very end of the alphabet.